{"id":4089,"date":"2026-09-10T11:25:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T09:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/?p=4089"},"modified":"2026-09-10T11:25:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T09:25:19","slug":"climate-change-and-transportation-softening-asphalt-buckling-rails-and-the-infrastructure-challenge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/?p=4089","title":{"rendered":"Climate Change and Transportation: Softening Asphalt, Buckling Rails, and the Infrastructure Challenge"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transportation systems are built around assumptions about temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Road engineers choose asphalt mixtures for expected summer heat. Railway designers calculate how steel rails will expand and contract through the seasons. Bridges, runways, and pavement joints are all designed around local climate conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As temperatures rise and heatwaves become more intense, those assumptions are being tested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Extreme heat can soften road surfaces, deform asphalt, expand railway tracks, and increase the risk of rail buckling.<\/strong> These problems are not futuristic. They are already part of the practical challenge of adapting transport infrastructure to a warmer climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Heat Is So Hard on Transport Infrastructure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Materials respond physically to temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Steel expands when heated. Asphalt becomes softer. Concrete can expand, crack, and suffer stress when repeatedly exposed to large temperature swings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transport infrastructure is especially vulnerable because it is exposed directly to sunlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A road surface can become much hotter than the surrounding air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On a very hot day, asphalt may absorb intense solar radiation for hours, while steel rails can heat far beyond the reported air temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means <strong>the temperature experienced by infrastructure can be significantly higher than the temperature people see in a weather forecast<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Asphalt Softens in Extreme Heat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asphalt pavement is usually made from mineral aggregate held together by bitumen, a petroleum-derived binder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bitumen is temperature-sensitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At low temperatures, it becomes harder and more brittle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At high temperatures, it becomes softer and more flexible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That flexibility is useful to a point, but excessive heat can cause the pavement to lose structural stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heavy trucks and repeated traffic can then push the softened surface out of shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The result may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rutting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surface depressions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Waves in the pavement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tire marks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bleeding of bitumen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Local deformation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The hottest conditions are particularly damaging when heavy loads repeatedly travel over already softened asphalt.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is Asphalt Rutting?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rutting is the formation of permanent grooves in the wheel paths of a road.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drivers may notice them as long depressions running parallel to traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rutting can occur for several reasons, including weak pavement layers and poor construction, but high temperature can make the problem worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When asphalt becomes too soft, the pressure from vehicle tires causes the material to move sideways or downward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deep ruts can trap water during rain and increase the risk of hydroplaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They can also make steering less stable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So what begins as a material problem can become a road-safety problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Dark Roads Become Extremely Hot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asphalt is usually dark and absorbs a large share of incoming solar energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This creates very high surface temperatures in direct sunlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Urban roads can become even hotter because surrounding buildings, concrete, vehicles, and limited vegetation contribute to the <strong>urban heat island effect<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nighttime cooling may also be reduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When heat persists for several days, pavement may have less time to recover between periods of intense thermal stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Repeated heatwaves can therefore accelerate deterioration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Railways Face a Different Heat Problem<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Railway tracks are primarily made from steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Steel does not soften under ordinary heatwave conditions in the way asphalt does, but it expands as its temperature rises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern railway tracks often use long sections of continuously welded rail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These rails are installed and maintained so that thermal expansion is controlled through carefully designed internal stresses and strong fastening systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, extreme temperatures can push the system beyond its intended range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If compressive forces become too large, the track may suddenly bend sideways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is known as <strong>track buckling<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Happens When Rails Buckle?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rail buckling can create a visible sideways distortion in the track.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even relatively small changes in alignment can be dangerous for trains traveling at high speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rail operators therefore monitor track temperature during hot weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When conditions become risky, they may introduce temporary speed restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lower speeds reduce the forces acting between trains and tracks and provide an additional safety margin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In extreme cases, sections of railway may require inspection or temporary closure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Heat can therefore disrupt rail travel even when no accident occurs, simply because operators must reduce risk.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Rail Temperature Matters More Than Air Temperature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rail temperature can be much higher than air temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Steel rails exposed to strong sunlight absorb solar energy directly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their temperature depends on sunlight, wind, rail color, orientation, and surrounding conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A summer day with an air temperature in the mid-30s Celsius can produce significantly hotter rail temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Railway engineers therefore monitor the actual temperature of the steel rather than relying only on standard weather measurements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This distinction becomes increasingly important during extreme heat events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Role of the Neutral Temperature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Continuously welded rail is managed around a particular stress-free or neutral temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this temperature, the rail is neither strongly compressed nor stretched by thermal effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When rail temperature rises above this level, the steel wants to expand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because the rail is restrained, compressive stress builds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When temperature falls, tensile stress increases instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the neutral temperature is poorly matched to the climate, or if track condition deteriorates, the risk of heat-related buckling can rise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Climate change therefore raises an engineering question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Should railway systems designed for historical temperatures be recalibrated for hotter future conditions?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Heatwaves Can Also Affect Bridges<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bridges must accommodate expansion and contraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Engineers use expansion joints, bearings, and other components that allow structures to move safely as temperatures change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Extreme heat can increase these movements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Expansion joints can become stressed or damaged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bridge surfaces may deform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mechanical components can operate outside their preferred temperature range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Repeated heating and cooling also contributes to long-term material fatigue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem is not simply one record-breaking hot day, but repeated exposure over many years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Airports Are Vulnerable Too<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Airport runways and taxiways experience the same pavement stresses as roads, but aircraft place extremely heavy loads on surfaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High temperatures can affect pavement performance, especially when asphalt is already aging or poorly suited to local conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heat also affects aircraft performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hot air is less dense than cold air, reducing lift and engine efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under certain conditions, aircraft may need longer takeoff distances or lower weight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Climate change can therefore affect aviation through both <strong>infrastructure and aircraft physics<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Old Infrastructure Is More Vulnerable<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Much transport infrastructure was built decades ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its design standards were based on historical climate records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If engineers expected extreme temperatures only rarely, they may have selected materials and safety margins accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A changing climate can shift these extremes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temperatures that were once considered exceptional may become more common.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Older roads and railways may also already suffer from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cracking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Material fatigue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Poor drainage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weak foundations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Corrosion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delayed maintenance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Extreme heat then acts as an additional stress on systems that are already aging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Expert Perspective<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transport engineers increasingly emphasize that climate resilience should be included in infrastructure design rather than treated only as emergency maintenance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means designing roads, rails, bridges, and runways using <strong>future climate conditions, not simply historical averages<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For asphalt, this may involve binders designed to remain stable at higher temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For railways, it may require improved monitoring, revised stress management, stronger track structures, and maintenance practices adapted to more frequent heatwaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The central principle is simple: infrastructure should be designed for the climate it will experience during its lifetime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can Asphalt Be Made More Heat-Resistant?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Engineers can modify asphalt mixtures to improve high-temperature performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible approaches include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Using harder or polymer-modified binders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improving aggregate structure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increasing pavement thickness where appropriate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Optimizing mixture design for local temperatures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improving construction quality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using reflective or lighter-colored surfaces in selected applications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Different solutions involve trade-offs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mixture that performs extremely well in heat may become too brittle in cold weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Road materials therefore need to match the full expected temperature range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can Railways Adapt?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Railways have several adaptation options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operators can increase temperature monitoring and use sensors to identify vulnerable locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Track maintenance can ensure that fasteners, ballast, sleepers, and alignment remain in good condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rail stress can also be managed more carefully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In some regions, rail systems may need to adjust the neutral temperature used during installation and maintenance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More sophisticated forecasting can help operators introduce speed restrictions before dangerous conditions develop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Adaptation is usually cheaper and safer when it is planned before repeated failures occur.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Maintenance Will Become More Important<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Climate change does not mean every road will melt or every railway will buckle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The more realistic problem is increasing maintenance pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heat can shorten pavement life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thermal stress can increase inspection needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Extreme events may produce more frequent disruptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Budgets that were once sufficient for routine repair may become inadequate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This creates a financial challenge for cities and governments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transport systems must remain reliable while simultaneously adapting to conditions they were not originally designed to face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Wider Economic Impact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transport disruptions have effects far beyond commuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roads and railways move food, fuel, industrial components, medicine, and consumer goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When heat forces speed restrictions or damages infrastructure, deliveries can slow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Businesses may face higher logistics costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Public transport reliability can decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emergency services can also be affected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The resilience of transportation is therefore closely connected to the resilience of the entire economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Climate Adaptation Is Becoming an Engineering Priority<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For much of modern engineering, past climate data provided a reasonable guide to future conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That assumption is becoming less reliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Infrastructure built today may remain in service for 30, 50, or even 100 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Engineers therefore need to consider how temperature extremes may change over those decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The future of transport design is increasingly about building systems that can tolerate conditions outside the historical norm.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Interesting Facts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Asphalt road surfaces can become much hotter than the surrounding air under strong sunlight.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bitumen becomes softer as temperature rises.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heavy vehicles can accelerate rutting in overheated pavement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Steel railway tracks expand when heated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continuously welded rails can buckle if excessive compressive stress develops.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rail temperature can be significantly higher than standard air temperature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Railway operators sometimes impose speed restrictions during extreme heat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aircraft require more runway performance in very hot, low-density air.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Older infrastructure may be particularly vulnerable because it was designed using historical climate assumptions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Polymer-modified asphalt can improve resistance to high-temperature deformation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Climate adaptation increasingly affects road, rail, bridge, and airport design standards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glossary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Asphalt<\/strong> \u2014 A road-building material made from mineral aggregate combined with a bituminous binder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bitumen<\/strong> \u2014 A dark, viscous petroleum-based material commonly used to bind asphalt pavement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rutting<\/strong> \u2014 Permanent grooves or depressions that form in pavement under repeated wheel loads.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Track Buckling<\/strong> \u2014 Sudden sideways deformation of railway track caused by excessive compressive stress.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Continuously Welded Rail<\/strong> \u2014 Long sections of rail welded together to reduce joints and provide smoother train movement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal Expansion<\/strong> \u2014 The increase in size of a material as its temperature rises.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neutral Temperature<\/strong> \u2014 The rail temperature at which continuously welded rail is approximately free of thermal tension or compression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Urban Heat Island<\/strong> \u2014 The tendency for cities to become warmer than surrounding rural areas because of buildings, pavement, limited vegetation, and human activity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate Resilience<\/strong> \u2014 The ability of infrastructure or communities to withstand and adapt to changing climate conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polymer-Modified Bitumen<\/strong> \u2014 Bitumen enhanced with polymers to improve properties such as strength, flexibility, and heat resistance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal Stress<\/strong> \u2014 Mechanical stress created when a material expands or contracts because of temperature change.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infrastructure Adaptation<\/strong> \u2014 Modifications to infrastructure intended to maintain performance under changing environmental conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Transportation systems are built around assumptions about temperature. Road engineers choose asphalt mixtures for expected summer heat. Railway designers calculate how steel rails will expand and contract through the seasons.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4090,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51,53,47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-crisis","category-tech-nature"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4089"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4091,"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4089\/revisions\/4091"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4090"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nature-o.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}